MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AND THE WORKPLACE
LOW BACK AND UPPER EXTREMITIES
Скелетно-мышечные расстройства и рабочее место
Поясничная область и верхние конечности
Орган издания: Panel on Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace
Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
National Research Council and Institute of Medicine
Размер: 3.2 мб
Формат: PDF
Язык: английский
Страниц: 510
Contents - Содержание
PREFACE xiii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1 INTRODUCTION 17
Charge to the Panel, 18
Background, 20
Approach to the Problem, 21
The Whole Person: Injury, Illness, and Disease, 23
Levels of Analysis: Individuals and Populations, 27
Contextual Factors, 28
Mechanical, Physiological, and Psychological Factors, 31
Guide to the Report, 35
2 DIMENSIONS OF THE PROBLEM 38
Musculoskeletal Disorders in the General Population, 38
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders, 44
Data on Economic Costs, 57
Limitations of the Data, 59
Summary, 64
x CONTENTS
3 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES AND APPROACHES 65
Research Perspectives, 66
Determining Causality Within Studies, 71
Criteria for Causality Across Studies, 77
Study Designs, 79
Pattern of Evidence Comparisons, 81
PART II: REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE
4 EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE 85
Methods, 85
Results, 98
Conclusion, 113
Appendix, 117
5 TISSUE MECHANOBIOLOGY 184
Pain Pathways from Peripheral Tissues, 185
Literature Review, 187
Vertebral Bone and Spinal Disc, 187
Tendons and Ligaments, 194
Skeletal Muscle, 199
Peripheral Nerve, 210
Spinal Nerve Roots, 213
Summary, 216
6 BIOMECHANICS 219
Concepts of Load Tolerance, 219
Low Back Mechanics, 235
Upper Body Biomechanics, 253
7 OCCUPATIONAL STRESS 287
General Models of Occupational Stress, 288
Biological Response, 289
Occupational Stress and Work-Related Musculoskeletal
Disorders: Some Working Hypotheses, 291
Summary, 300
CONTENTS xi
8 INTERVENTIONS IN THE WORKPLACE 301
Context, 302
Principles of Ergonomics, 303
Specific Interventions: Back, 308
Specific Interventions: Upper Extremities, 314
Challenges During the Process of Ergonomic
Intervention, 320
Summary, 327
9 WORK NOW AND IN THE FUTURE 330
Trends in Employment by Industry Sector and
Occupation, 331
External Factors Influencing the Nature of Work, 335
Summary, 346
PART III: IMPLICATIONS
10 PATTERNS OF EVIDENCE 351
Back Disorders and the Workplace, 354
Upper Extremity Disorders and the Workplace, 358
Summary, 361
11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 364
Conclusions, 364
Recommendations, 365
Additional Considerations, 367
12 RESEARCH AGENDA 370
Methodological Research, 370
Topic Area Research, 372
REFERENCES 375
APPENDIXES
A Answers to Questions Posed by Congress, 431
B Dissent, Robert M. Szabo, 439
C Panel Response to the Dissent, 458
D Contributors to the Report, 461
E Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff, 465
INDEX 471
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